Prevalence of Impacted Teeth on Panoramic Radiographs in Radiology Centers of Herat, Afghanistan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58342/MJ.V.3.I.2.2Keywords:
Prevalence, Impacted teeth, OPG, Radiology centersAbstract
Background: Impacted teeth are a common developmental anomaly that may lead to functional, esthetic, and pathological complications if left untreated. Epidemiological data regarding impacted teeth in Afghanistan remain limited. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and radiographic characteristics of impacted teeth using panoramic radiographs obtained from radiology centers in Herat, Afghanistan.
Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using digital panoramic radiographs collected from three major radiology centers (Hekmat, Razi and Jawad X-ray centers) in Herat. From 2,000 archived radiographs, 323 eligible images of patients aged 15–40 years were selected through systematic random sampling. Demographic data and radiographic characteristics of impacted teeth were recorded. Angulation and depth of impaction were assessed according to Winter’s and Pell and Gregory classifications, respectively. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 with descriptive statistics.
Results: Among the 323 radiographs, 165 impacted teeth were identified, corresponding to a prevalence of 51.1%. Complete impaction accounted for 46.4% of cases, while 4.6% were partially impacted. The mean age of the participants was 24.58 ± 6.04 years. No statistically significant association was observed between gender and the prevalence of impacted teeth (p>0.05). Mesioangular impaction was the most frequent angulation (53.3%), followed by vertical (25.45%) and horizontal (13.9%) impactions. Level B was the predominant depth of impaction. Completely impacted teeth were more commonly observed in the mandible.
Conclusion: Impacted teeth were frequently observed in the studied population, with similar prevalence between males and females. Mesioangular angulation and Level B depth were the predominant radiographic patterns. These findings provide baseline epidemiological evidence for Afghanistan and emphasize the importance of early radiographic assessment to facilitate timely diagnosis and appropriate management of impacted teeth.
References
Pinto AC, Francisco H, Marques D, Martins JN, Carames J. Worldwide prevalence and demographic predictors of impacted third molars—systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of clinical medicine. 2024 Dec 11;13(24):7533. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13247533
Nitzan D, Keren T, Marmary Y. Does an impacted tooth cause root resorption of the adjacent one? Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1981;51(3):221-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4220(81)90047-5
Saravana S, Subashraj K. Prevalence of odontogenic cysts and tumors associated with impacted third molars: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2019;47(6):996-1002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2019.03.026
Eshghpour M, Shaban B, Sarfarzi S, Samieirad S. Frequency and difficulty score of lower third molar impaction in the patients referring to the oral and maxillofacial surgery department of Mashhad Dental School (2017-2018). Journal of Mashhad Dental School. 2018;42(4). doi: https://doi.org/10.22038/jmds.2018.11992.
Fardi A, Kondylidou-Sidira A, Bachour Z, Parisis N, Tsirlis A. Incidence of impacted and supernumerary teeth-a radiographic study in a North Greek population. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011;16(1). http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.4317/medoral.16.e56.
goodarzipour d., saeedi a., bahrami n.. accuracy of panoramic, panoramic with palpation and tube shift technique to localize maxillary impacted cuspid. journal of dental medicine[internet]. 2009;22(3 (60)):99-108. available from: https://sid.ir/paper/356989/en
alqerban a, jacobs r, lambrechts p, loozen g, willems g. root resorption of the maxillary lateral incisor caused by impacted canine: a literature review. clin oral investig. 2009;13(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-009-0262-8.
patil s, maheshwari s. prevalence of impacted and supernumerary teeth in the north indian population. j clin exp dent. 2014;6(2). https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.51284.
Dodson TB. Complications of retention: pathology associated with retained third molars. Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2012;20(2):177-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cxom.2012.06.002 .
de La Dure-Molla M, Fournier BP, Manzanares MC, et al. Elements of morphology: standard terminology for the teeth and classifying genetic dental disorders. Am J Med Genet A. 2019;179A(9):1913-1981. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.61316 .
Tetay-Salgado S, Arriola-Guillén LE, Ruíz-Mora GA, Aliaga-Del Castillo A, Rodríguez-Cárdenas YA. Prevalence of impacted teeth and supernumerary teeth by radiographic evaluation in three Latin American countries: a cross-sectional study. J Clin Exp Dent. 2021;13(4):e363-e368. https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.57757 .
Tan C, Ekambaram M, Yiu CKY. Prevalence, characteristic features, and complications associated with the occurrence of unerupted permanent incisors. PLoS One. 2018;13(6):e0199501. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199501 .
kaczor-urbanowicz k, zadurska m, czochrowska e. impacted teeth: an interdisciplinary perspective. adv clin exp med. 2016;25(3). https://doi.org/10.17219/acem/37451.
gisakis ig, palamidakis fd, farmakis et, kamberos g, kamberos s. prevalence of impacted teeth in a greek population. j investig clin dent. 2011;2(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-1626.2010.00041.x
mesgarzadeh ah, hasanpur kashani a, jafari m. effect of surgical removal of impacted third molars on trismus value. jundishapur scientific medical journal. 2013;12(1). doi: available from: https://sid.ir/paper/12413/en
hekmatian ehsan, rahimmalek alireza. prevalence of impacted mandibular third molars and their angulations on panoramic radiographs of patients referring to the department of radiology in esfahan faculty of dentistry. journal of isfahan dental school[internet]. 2016;12(2):140-148. available from: https://sid.ir/paper/126034/en
moumeni danaei sh., shahidi sh.. radiographic and ct scan evaluation of root resorption of permanent incisors maxillary impacted carises. journal of mashhad dental school[internet]. 2007;31(1-2):125-132. available from: https://sid.ir/paper/74186/en
abdorazzaghi m, mehdipour a, asayesh h. the prevalence of impacted teeth in patients referred to selected dental clinics in qom city, 2013, iran. qom university of medical sciences journal. 2014;8(2). doi: available from: http://journal.muq.ac.ir/article-1-422-en.html
Grisar K, Luyten J, Preda F, et al. Interventions for impacted maxillary canines: a systematic review of the relationship between initial canine position and treatment outcome. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2021;24(2):180-193. https://doi.org/10.1111/ocr.12423
Kalantar Motamedi MH, Alavi Tabatabaie F, Navi F, Shafeie HA, Khosravanifard B, Hayati Z. Assessment of radiographic factors affecting surgical exposure and orthodontic alignment of impacted canines of the palate: a 15-year retrospective study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009;107(6):772-775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.12.022
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 زین العابدین صدیقی،عزیر عرفان،احمدنعمان دانش،فریداحمد نقیب
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
